Ang dahilan ng luha (malayang tula para sa mga pangarap ang CPA)

Ma, Pa, ma'am , sir : Tao po
Ako'y kumakatok sa puso Nyo po
lubos na akong hirap sa bawat sem nato
bakit ba kayhirap abutin ang tuktok

Malapit napo akong sumuko
sumuko sa buhay at pangarap na ito
hindi lang pera ang nauubos
pati oras , kalusugan,kaligayahan at puso

Natanong nyo naba kung okay pa kami?
Sa sobrang paghihigpit nyo para makapasa kami
Para kaming kandilang unting unting nauupos
onting ihip nalang baka mahantong sa dextrose

May oras na ayaw na pero sayang ang naumpisahan
Pero bakit kayhirap abutin ang pangarap
Parang ito na ang unti unting papatay sakin sa hirap
Para bang lusaw na lusaw sa kaalaman

Ayoko Na Pong abutin
Masakit pero kailangangan sambitin
Ma, Pa dikona kaya pang magpanggap sainyong paningin
Dahil kahapon akoy nanalamin

Oo, nakita ko aking sarili na di na marunong ngumiti
Pagkat di na alam kung san patungo
Pinilit mo naman pero di talaga tadhana siguro
Kaya heto ako heto na tayo

Nagawa naman natin ang lahat
Halos tayo ay mapuyat at laging dilat
ginawang tubig ang kape para makasulat
Calcu lang ang laging kasama magbuklat

Pero kahit hirap ...kailangan lumaban
pagsubok malalagpasan basta ako'y suportahan
Palakasin nyo kami ng inyong pagmamahal
Busugin ng Pangaral at Paliguan ng Dasal

Kayo nalamang ang aming agimat sa laban
Kayo ang dahilan ng  di pagsuko sa ulan
Sana kami'y inyong tulungan
Dahil balang araw ako...kami ay magtatagumpay

Makikita nyo ang luha kong papatak
Sa diplomang aking hawak
at sa certificate na aking pinagpuyatan
nakaukit aking pangalan at sa dulo nito may CPA sa aming ngalan



tula ni
Joanna calayag

Kayanin mag-isa (maikling tula)

Tulala sa bawat sulok ng dingding
nakatayo at nakatingin
san ba to patungo?
kakayanin kobang tumayo?

Dikona alam kung tama paba
ipaglaban ang naumpisahan noon pa
mahirap Oo mahirap
lalo na kung ikaw lang mag isa ang humaharap

Naiisip ko nalang kung kaya mo, kaya ko
pero bakit ganon malungkot ako ngayon
pero isipin ko man maging tayo di na sila sang-ayon
pati puso't isip koy parang nagbakasyon

Kaya heto ako lalaban sinta
sa buhay na diko nakasanayang mag isa
Siguro panahon na ako naman ang magpasya
Sa bawat kilos at desisyon para sumaya

Oo! Kakayanin ko kahit mag isa
sabi nga: unahin mo muna sarili mo bago sila
matuto muna sa sarili bago mahalin ang iba
Para sa bandang huli ikaw naman ang lumigaya

- joanna calayag

Kaya Paba natin to? (Malayang Taludturan)

Heto nanaman tayo
sa araw araw nating tanong
sa kung sino
ano at kailan

Minsan naisip ko kung kaya paba
kaya paba natin to?
O pinipilit nalang kasi sayang yung tayo?
Sa apat na taon naging tayo
Naging masaya ako totoo
Pero di lahat ng relasyon perpekto
mas madalas ang sakit at kirot
na para bang sarili ko lang ang nagpapahilom

Ni dimo ninais na ayusin ang gulo
Dinadaan mo nalang lagi sa pagtulog
Ganyan ba ang gusto mong relasyon?
Ang ninanais mo lang ang gusto mong masunod?
Di ako aso na uto uto
Umiyak ako ng minsan mo akong murahin
Ang sabi mo'y ganon lang talaga ang yong sambitin

tinanggap koyun kahit masakit
Dahil di ako pinalaking ganon sa amin
Kahit sabi mo'y sobra lang akong maramdamin
Tingin mo pag iba ang yong murahin okey lang rin sa damdamin?

Mahal, may mga kaibigan ako
nais kong kausapin at ngitian mo sila
Pero labag sa loob mo pagkat di mo sila kilala

Pag ika'y nasa amin lagi kong tinatawag ang mga bata
Nagalit ka kasi ginagawa kitang taga karga
Di mo alam hinahanap ka naman talaga nila

Minsan nagpasundo kami sayo ng pamilya ko
pagka't wala kaming masakyan kako
ang tahimik mo magmaneho
yun pala ang sabi mo ginagawa kitang drayber

diba kapag tayo na ang nagisang dibdib lahat ng iyo ay akin
matuwa ka at maayos ang pamilya ko sa iyo
ngunit bakit parang labag sa loob mo ito?

Minsan nautusan ka namin ng mama ko
Sumagot ka ng pasigaw pagkat ayaw mo
Kaya pala banta mo sakin mahanap ako ng iba ko
kung under lang ako hahanapin ko
Pagkat ang gusto mo ikaw ang boss ko

Wala akong pinilit sa lahat
Gusto mo lang ang tinanggap ko ng maluwag
Oo nabibigay mo lahat
pagkain, panggala at iba pa
per tingin moba sapat na yon para sumaya?

Naisip moba kung san ako masaya?
kaya morin bang tanggapin ang desisyon ko mag isa?
Hindi naman kita a-underin gusto kolang tawagin mokong commander
Di kita pinilipit kaibiganin sila gusto kolang matuto kang makisama
di kita Pinilit sunduin ako o kami ang gusto kolang maging parte ka ng pamilya
Di sa ginagawa kitang taga karga ang nais kolang matuwa sayo ang mga bata

Simple lang naman kaya moba?
Di ako naghahangad ng iba pa
Tingin mo ba kaya paba?
Ang tayo na masaya?
Kasi pagod nakong tanggapin pa
Na ako lang lagi ang umuunawa


- Joanna Calayag

Magkaibigan parin (Maikling tula)

- ni joanna calayag


Bakit ba ganito ang  usapan natin
Birubiruan na ngalang ba ito
O totohanan na ang mga banatan natin?
Para bang tayo'y nagbibitawan ng salitang naayon talaga sa damdamin
Pero ayaw lamang kumpirmahin dahil takot manligaw sa akin

Tuwing ikay aking nakakausap
Dilang mabulaklak na salita aking natatangap
Pati mga asarang walang pakundangan
Maitawid lamang ang usapan
Hanggang sa tayoy magkatulugan

Magkatulugan man pero kinabukasan ikay paring kausap
Walang hinto ang daldalan, at ang mga  banatan
Hangang sa dimo alam totoo na aking nararamdaman
"Gusto moba ako? Sabay biro lang" pati kasi ako takot na
Takot ng malaman mo ang totoo baka kasi tayo'y magkalayo

Ewan koba kung ano ba tayo
Basta ang alam ko'y masaya ako
Masaya sa bawat sandali na tayoy magkausap
Di lang masaya kundi sobrang saya
Tila ba akoy tuluyang nahulog na

Ngunit kung itong nararamdaman koy akin pinairal
Pagkakaibigan natin masisira't tayo'y magkakawalay
Dahil baka sa pagkahulog , akoy iyong sisihin
Wag naman sana dahil alam kong dimoko kayang saluhin
At Tanggap kona na sa huli tayo ay magkaibigang parin


** Para sa mga Kaklase at kaibigan kong pine-friendzone
Ganon talaga ang buhay "weather weather lang"hahaha

Suko na

Ako ang babaeng naniniwala sa mga mabubulaklak na salita
Namamangha sa mga bagay na kanilang pinapakita
Bawat aksyon para sakin ay kagilas gilas
Ngunit magkaron lamang ng away ako ay pumipiglas
Oo, Gusto konang pumiglas sa pekeng kasiyahan
Mga away  na di lamang pang isang araw
Kundi ginawa nang umagahan tanghalian at hapunan
Pero nagkakabati lamang kapag naglalambingan
Pero sa normal na araw bakit walang imikan?
Walang kwentuhan? Sino kananga ba ulit?
Bakit ka nandito?
Ano tayo?


Ah ako ngapala ang kasintahan mo
Na kasama molang kapag kailangan mo
At kapag  busy ka sa ibang bagay napakadaling maichipwera mo
Kaya pala kahit special na araw natin sila ang ang kasama mo
Nasa inuman ka at ako'y nag aantay sayo
At ang bigkas mo'y
 "bakit kelangan pa magkita at ipagdiwang kung araw araw naman ay special"
Ako naman parang isang aso na sunod sa mga winika nyang salita
Tilaba akoy nahipan nananamn ng hangin at napagtanto na
Wag akong magreklamo pagkat sya ay tama
Kayapala dolang isang beses kundi dalwang beses monang pinagdiwang kasama sila

Araw ng mga puso o araw ng mga pusong umaasa
Kalimitang diniriwang na may bigayan ng bulaklak at kung ano pa
Natatandaan moba na nakuha moko di lang sa mabulaklak mong salita
Kundi literal dinaan moko sa pagbibigay mo ng bulaklak
Pero ngayon wika mo nalamang " bakit kita bibigyan hindi nakakabusog ang bulaklak"
At tila ako nanaman ay naihip ng hangin na bumulong at nagwika
Wag akong demanding pagkat iyan ay masama

Lumipas ang mga taon
Nakaya mokong umuwi ng luhaan mag isa
Nakaya mong tulugan ang mga gabi na magkaaway tayong dalawa
Nakaya mong isipin na lahat ng sinasabi ko sayo ay di mahalaga
Pagkat panatag ka na di ako kakawala
Tao ako nakakaramdam ng sakit at kirot at baka mamaya
Dimo namalayang ayoko na pala


Sa relasyon nyong nasimula sa magandang usapan
Paunti ng paunti wala nakayong mapagkwentuhan
Ilang taon naba kayo?
Kila moparin ba sya?
Sya parin ba yan o nagbago na?
Nawala na ang dating suyuan
At nauwi sa hindi magandang usapan
Sa huli magsasawa ka nalang
Ayoko na
Sawa na ako
Suko na tayo

-ni joanna calayag

Affordable na Bakasyunan |Pool| Teambuilding Place

Punta de Fabian
 baras, rizal

Kung gusto nyo ng mura at affordable at di nyo kaya magbayad ng private resort
I recommend this resort kasi hindi sya masyado puntahin ng tao kaya para kangang nasa private resort,

Paano pumunta don simula monumento? At magkano?

Monumento - mrt North ave bus - 12php (baba kang mrt mismo)
Mrt sakay ka pa shaw - 21 php
Pagkababa nyo sakay kayo fx tas sabhn nyo BARAS rizal po sa Punta de fabian- 70php

Merong ilang fx na nagbababa mismo sa resort meron namang ayaw kaya pilitin nyo nalang

Tapos pagkababa nyo dun mismo sa taoat ng gate muka syang gate lang ng bahay pero paakyat kasi yun may susundo sa inyong sasakyan
Pero sabi ng isang blogger bago kami pumunta bawal daw food kaya mag checheck daw ng bag pero nung pumunta kami hindi naman chineck :( sayang di kame nakapag dala ng Food! Pero nagtago tlga kami ng ilang chips at burger sa bag haha! *wise*

Entrance fee pala 350php

So ayun para kayong nakasakay sa rides sa bilis ng pagdrive ni kuya paitaas ng Resort

Eto yung unang pool malapit sa magandang view sa rizal

^ yung nasa bandang right yung long table pang team building or lunch meeting etc.

Eto yung tinatawag nilang infinity pool

Pangalawang pool

Pwede rin kayo umorder ng food sakanila kaso diko nakuhanan mga menu

Sulit naman sya with friends lalo na kung kelangan mo ng inner peace haha. Charot pero eto yung placena gusto mo hanapin sarili mo or mag muni muni sa sobrang tahimik. 

Old Coins for sale (Philippines)

Pagkahawak ko neto eto agad naisip ko
"Saan kaya pwede magbenta ng Old coins?"

My collections of Coins
Old | New | Foreign | Local Coins

Girlfriend mo pa ba ako?| tagalog poem |unspoken poetry

Hi, ako nga pala yung girlfriend mo?
Yung niligawan mo noon
At sabing mong crush na crush moko
Kamusta na tayo?
Ganun padin ba saken?
Kasi ako oo
Pero bakit?

Bakit ngayon bawat kwento ko
"Ah" "oh" "weh" "bahala kayo jan"
Ang sinasabi mo?
Kasi kung mahal moko
May pake ka
Matuto kang magpayo saakin
Di moko tropa
Para ganyan ang ireply mo sa bawat kwento ko
Sayo sa araw araw at sa problema ko

Bakit? Bakit anong nangyari
At tila nag iba ang ihip?
Biglang lumamig sa paligid
At biglang may sumagi sa isip

Bakit? Ayaw monaba saakin?
Abala kanaba sa iba?
O tila nagsasawa kana sa anong meron tayo

Kasi ako nag aantay lang sayo
At nag aantay parin
Na maaring sana sa pagkikita naten
Ikaw naman ang magkwento
Ikaw naman ang magsabi saken ng nagyari sayo
Kasi kapag ako lagi ang nagtatanong tingin moy naghihinala ako
Maari bang ikaw naman?

Magkwento kanaman! Ng tungkol sayo
Sa opisina mo,
Ginawa nyo,
O di kaya ay sa bago mo
..Bago mong nagugustuhan

Meron ba?
Makinis ba sya?
Maganda?
Maputi?
Tanggapin ko kahit ano
Umamin kalang saken
Kahit crush molang sya Okay lang
Aminin mona na..
Tinatamad kanang Akoy iyong kausapin
At sa iba'y nakatuon na ang paningin

Bakit?
Bakit biglang ganto?
Estudyante ako at ika'y kumakayod
Maaring ganon nga kapag nagtatrabaho
Maraming nakikita
di man ibigkas
Pag babae ang kinutuban
Siguradong tapos ang maliligaya mong araw.

Pero tandaan lamang
Na wag pigilan ang tao
Sa kung anong gusto nya sa buhay
Luwagan ang tali at pakawalan
Pagkat sa panahong ito
Ilan lamang ang handang mapasaiyo
Sa umpisa hanggang sa huli.

Miss na kita | spoken poetry

Miss kita
Oo miss kita
Sabik na sabik ako saiyo
Sa mga yakap at haplos mo
Sa bawat tinig na sinasambit mo Ang ngalan ko

Miss kita
Kahit noon pa, miss kita
Diko pwedeng sabihin kasi ayoko na
Ayoko na na laging ako yung nag iisip
Yung laging ako yung nagsasabi ng gagawin mo


Miss kita
Sana alam mo kahit diko sabhin
Kahit puro goodmorning ang text ko sayo
At wala ng kamusta ka kumain kanaba?
Maisip mong miss kita

Kasi sating dalawa
Ako yung nangungulila sayo
Ako yung nag aantay lagi sayo
Ikaw , masaya ka sa sarili mo
Sa nakukuha mo, ako wala pang nararating sa buhay
Kung kelan kailangan ko ng karamay sa problema ko
Nasaan k?

Miss kita
Nung panahong malambing ka saakin
Na ako lang at wala ng iba
Na sa mata mo ako yung prinsesa
Yung ako ang iyong inuuna

Miss kona yung lumang ikaw
Yung bawat kwento ko
Pinapakinggan mo kahit dimo trip,
Tinatawanan mo kahit korni..

Yung tatawag ka sa gabi
Para lang kantahan ako
Kahit sintunado boses mo
Inaabot pa tayo ng alas dose kakatext
Sa haba ng kwentuhan naten
Pero ngayon nag iba na

Mag gugoodmorning ako sayo, ganun kadin saken
"Breakfast kana"
Lunch kana"
Dinner kana"
"Uwi nako" "ingat ka"
"Pahinga kana."
At sa huli "sleep na us"
Diba? Ganon na tayo ngayon ?
Ngayon na kung saan lahat may format

Nasaan na ang noong ikaw?
Ikaw na nanjan kapag kailangan ko ng kausap
Miss na kita alam moba?
Di naman kapag sinabi kong miss na kita
Rereplyan moko ng imissyoutoo
Di nababawi sa salita ang lahat
Ng nararamdaman ko
Kahit dalan moko ng pagkain
O pumunta ka saamin tapos maglalaro kalang
Sa tablet mong puti

Miss na kita
Pero sana naman makiramdam ka
Mag effort ka kapag sinabi kong
Miss na kita.
Kasi ang salitang miss na kita
Nirereplyan ng gawa
Hindi lang puro salita

-joanna calayag

How did i remove my pimples?

Paano ko naalis ang pimples ko or paano nawala yung tiniris kong pimples sa ilong na nag or magiiwan ng bakas dahil nagkaron ng butas or hole sa GITNA MISMO ng ilong ko.

my pimple story

Okay bes eto mga forts day nag BIODERM LANG AKES binibili kong ointment sya sa mercury may 21php or 34php non depende sa size and mainit sya sa muka ksi parang menthol ganon tas papahid mo lang sya overnight and ayan si bioderm lalang muna karamay ko

 ooooops!!! wait PASINTABI SA MGA KMAKAIN HAHAHAHA 😂 charing! 😂😂
O ganyan kalusog si pimples ko sa pisnge ayoko picturan ung sa ilong ko dahil pinutok ko sya OO BES PINUTOK KO SAD NU ksi natakot ako baka mag mark sa ilong ko

Next dah panay pahid si bes mo pati sa ilong 

GO BABAD EVERYNIGHT YAN

The next day pagkagising ko bes ayan nagdiet si pimples pumayat mejo diba HOHO 😎😎 DI NA sya pak na pak

So eto mag iinarte ang lola nyo

Ayan nawala na mejo redn3ss nya kinabukasan dahil naligo na me 😂 fresh na fresh kaka hilamos ko

 So ayan resulta nya dahil 3 days palang Hahah kitang kita sa ilong ko bes nangitim yung pinutok ko huhu diba nabutas yan e may hole sa ilong ng lola nyo at 3 pa silang pimples ha! 🤔

So eto bes gumamit ako ng MIA CARE tinakpannko NAG MGA DAPAT TAKPAN! Ang mga dapat itago bes kahit mejo parang translucent si pimples atlis naman natakpan yung darkness nya 

Ayan bes kita mo? Didference ng meron sa wala kanina

 👇👇👇👇👇

For 230 ang 2 pack nya sa loob na may Night and day na pandikit for pimples

9 pcs ang laman nya bes sa isang day or night na package

ANO BA NAGAGAWA NG Mia care

???

(Hindi po ito sponsor ng Mia care .. ggusto kolang makatulong sa mga delikado na nagtitipid kapag natiris na nila tigyawat nila or kung gsto nila itago mawala ng safe)

So ayun nga pag nilagay mo sya sa spot na may pimples ka parang narerejuv si skin CHAR.. de seryoso sinsipsip nya pa ung mga natira mong mga laman laman *excuse sa word pero walako maisip na term*

So yun sinsiipsip nya then overnight yun bes ha! Tas kinabukasan makikita mo oag niremove mo yun sa face mo nasipsip nya may white something sa Mia care mo at makikita mo na yun ung mga pimples mo na sinsipsip nya so after non sympre palitan mo ng bago after mo linisin ulit si face mo

Hanggan sa malesswn yung pinples mo at magfade sya

At dun din nawala yung butas sa ilong ko na parang napunan nya ng pagmamahal ksi nagclose yung porea. Yung uka ba 😀 

Ayan pang 2weeks kona at mejo nagfade na sya

Tas CHARAAAAAAN wala nakooong bakas until now haha pero oag napupuyat ako mia care lang gamit ko at bioderm cr3peam kapag sa bahay lang at umqga tas pag mattlog mia cream pero pag aalis ng morning may mia care ako sa muka para masipsip at mahide nadin ang dapat i hide 😜

👻

Follow me on fb/ig/twitter if may tanong kayo

PSBA / NU / EAC / UE For ACCOUNTANCY

Madami nagpiPm saken kung anong school daw ba
maganda at affordable

obviously di na naten isasama yung ibang UAAP AT NCAA sa choices dahil mahal doon! diko isasama yung ibang school kasi d ako nakapag inquire pero lwede nyo itry sa MLQU (Manuel L Quezon University) sa quiapo yan.. or gumala kayo sa ubelt! walang pipigil sainyo!

let me give you some hints

for Quality education

UE - graduate po ako jan and masasabi ko naman na quakity education naman
pero yung turo guys remember wala sa name ng school! nsa prof yung pagtuturo kaya if ayaw nyo ng turo sabhn agad sa management.
may retention sila for Bsa and pag bumagsak ka shift kana pde ka mag Bsact for 4yrs only pero do not assume na same treatment sayo as BSA. walang retention si bsact
pag may gsto pa kayo malaman pm nyoko sa fb ko.
calayagjoanna@yahoo.com.ph

NU - same as ue din kaso d ako nagtry doon eh nag inquire lang ako pero sabi naman nila ok daw. Dati walang retention pero ngayon meron nadaw
open naman office nila for inquiry lalo na onti lang ata ang bsa don

EAC - kilala ko dean dto kaya Good quality educ. para kalang galing sa ue
dkopa natatry pero nag inquire ako and sabi onti lng ng Bsa nila kaya tutok lalo sila sa mga ito lalo na bago ang dean
eto yung school for accountancy kung saan si dean open sainyong mga reklamo at hiling

PSBA- currentky andito ako and magaling ang PSBA dko lang alam bakit ndi pa nagtop eto? andito lahat ng reviewers sa cpar/RESA/nrc etc.
yun lang Manual lahat dto pati enrolment and sa grades


for tuition fees
PSBA 20-33k  depende sa units mo
EAC - 1160 PER UNIT., 2800 DOWNPAYMENT
(syempre eliminated si UE at NU sa tuition)

lilipat kaba?
for transferees

UE - NO failing grades/drop, and submit the requiremnts like honoravle dismisaal,Nso,2x2 , yung exam mo, etc for more info visit
www.ue.edu.ph

NU
*undergrad : take the entrance exam first FOR FREE!
pero expect na madaming page at kakainin ang oras mo, wala naman atang bumabagsak don haha
pero sympre bago ang requirements mabuting magpa credit ka muna ng mga subjs mo kay sir 3floor ata sya
dadaan kadon sa cantten ng NU tas akyat ka haha
para malaman mo kung may ipapaulit sila sayo! pag nilait ka alam mona layasan mona yan haha jk
ayon tapos pumuntankang admission bbgyan ka ng listahanng reqs mo
na ipapasa :)))

graduate/2nd courses : deretso kana pa credit wag kana mag exam kse no need na :) tas pasa ka reqs


EAC - makinig ka saken kse yung mga tao don  insan mga bangag d alam ano ipapagawa sayo kaya pabalik balik ka
punta kang admission dala kang 2x2 baka hingan ka tapos sabihin mk magpapacredit ka (bbgyan ka nila ng referral slip) then aakyat ka ng 5th flr pra sa BA office yung name  sa door (business educ )
then katok tas pasok ka! hanapin mo si dean kamo magpapacredit ka
tas sympre dala mo grades mo dba?n
 edi go abot mo tas after nyan bgay mo yung papapirmahan mo na referral !ette rtas baba ka ng admission ssbhn sayo don magbayad ka sa cashier pra sa exam mo (o diba na scam ka! bayad ka kagad! haha jk pwede kang umuwi kung dmo nagustuhan ddon,, pede kang umatras kasi sayang ung 330 mo! alam moyon? mmya may ipaulit sayo sayang naman baka may iba pang campus na pwede kang deretsonlang) *** undergrad or not mag eexam kapadin**
(For the record wala sikang retention ah? kaya for sure wala kang uulitin 😄😄)

PSBA
same as NU
undergrad -mag eexam
graduate/2nddegree : no exam needed
magsubmit nalang ng grades sa registrar para sa pagpapacredit
tas babalikan mo the other day

anopaba? comment 👇👇👇👇

Audit Report

Parts of Audit Report

1. Report title. Auditing standards require that the report be titled and that the title include the word independent. For example, appropriate titles include “independent auditor’s report,” “report of independent auditor,” or “independent accountant’s opinion.” The requirement that the title include the word independent conveys to users that the audit was unbiased in all aspects.

2. Audit report address. The report is usually addressed to the company, its stockholders, or the board of directors. In recent years, it has become customary to address the report to the board of directors and stockholders to indicate that the auditor is independent of the company.

3. Introductory paragraph. The first paragraph of the report does three things: First, it makes the simple statement that the CPA firm has done an audit. This is intended to distinguish the report from a compilation or review report. The scope paragraph clarifies what is meant by an audit.

Second, it lists the financial statements that were audited, including the balance sheet dates and the accounting periods for the income statement and statement of cash flows. The wording of the financial statements in the report should be identical to those used by management on the financial statements..

Third, the introductory paragraph states that the statements are the responsibility of management and that the auditor’s responsibility is to express an opinion on the statements based on an audit. The purpose of these statements is to communicate that management is responsible for selecting the appropriate generally accepted accounting principles and making the measurement decisions and disclosures in applying those principles and to clarify the respective roles of management and the auditor.

4. Scope paragraph. The scope paragraph is a factual statement about what the auditor did in the audit. This paragraph first states that the auditor followed generally accepted auditing standards. For an audit of a public company, the paragraph will indicate that the auditor followed standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

The remainder of the scope paragraph discusses the audit evidence accumulated and states that the auditor believes that the evidence accumulated was appropriate for the circumstances to express the opinion presented. The words test basis indicates that sampling was used rather than an audit of every transaction and amount on the statements. Whereas the introductory paragraph of the report states that management is responsible for the preparation and content of the financial statements, the scope paragraph states that the auditor evaluates the appropriateness of those accounting principles, estimates, and financial statement disclosures and presentations given.

5. Opinion paragraph. The final paragraph in the standard report states the auditor’s conclusions based on the results of the audit. This part of the report is so important that often the entire audit report is referred to simply as the auditor’s opinion. The opinion paragraph is stated as an opinion rather than as a statement of absolute fact or a guarantee. The intent is to indicate that the conclusions are based on professional judgment. The phrase in our opinion indicates that there may be some information risk associated with the financial statements, even though the statements have been audited. The auditor is required to state an opinion about the financial statements taken as a whole, including a conclusion about whether the company followed U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. One of the controversial parts of the auditor’s report is the meaning of the term present fairly. Does this mean that if generally accepted accounting principles are followed, the financial statements are presented fairly, or something more? Occasionally, the courts have concluded that auditors are responsible for looking beyond generally accepted accounting principles to determine whether users might be misled, even if those principles are followed. Most auditors believe that financial statements are “presented fairly” when the statements are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, but that it is also necessary to examine the substance of transactions and balances for possible misinformation.

6. Name of CPA firm. The name identifies the CPA firm or practitioner who performed the audit. Typically, the firm’s name is used because the entire CPA firm has the legal and professional responsibility to ensure that the quality of the audit meets professional standards.

7. Audit report date. The appropriate date for the report is the one on which the auditor completed the auditing procedures in the field. This date is important to users because it indicates the last day of the auditor’s responsibility for the review of significant events that occurred after the date of the financial statements.

Categories of Audit Report

—  Unqualified audit report

—  Modified Audit Report

Unqualified audit report

this is the simplest and most common report encountered, primarily because most sets of financial statements satisfy the various criteria as laid down in the statements of financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), Philippine Standards of Auditing (PSA) and statutes.

Unqualified opinion – is expressed when the auditor concludes that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework.

Unqualified audit report

this is the simplest and most common report encountered, primarily because most sets of financial statements satisfy the various criteria as laid down in the statements of financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), Philippine Standards of Auditing (PSA) and statutes.

Unqualified opinion – is expressed when the auditor concludes that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the identified financial reporting framework.

Among the circumstances that are present in order to render an unqualified opinion are the following:

·         If proper accounting records were kept;

·         Where the company has a number of branches, if and whenthe information received from the branch office was adequate;

·         Where applicable, if the accounts are consistent with theprovisions of the Corporation Code;

·         If applicable Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS), have been adopted by the client;

·         If the opinion expressed in the director’s statement to membersare consistent with the auditor’s knowledge the client and

·         If any defects or irregularities have been adequately disclosed.

Modified Audit Report
           
            In certain circumstances, an auditor may not able to give a “clean” report on the financial statements.

“An auditor’s report is considered to be modified in the following situations:

Matters That Do Not Affect the Auditor’s Opinion

•          emphasis of matter

Matters That Do Affect the Auditor’s Opinion

•          qualified Opinion;

•          disclaimer of Opinion

•          adverse Opinion

Matters That Do Not Affect the Auditor’s Opinion

Emphasis of matter paragraph – “An auditor’s report may be modified by adding an emphasis of matter paragraph(s) to highlight a matter affecting the financial statements which is included in a note to the financial statements that more extensively discusses the matter. The addition of such an emphasis of matter paragraph(s) does not affect the auditor’s opinion. The auditor may also modify the auditor’s report by using an emphasis of matter paragraph(s) to report matters other than those affecting the financial statements.” (Glossary of Terms, Preface to Philippine Standards on Auditing and Related Services) “The paragraph would preferably be included after the opinion paragraph and would ordinarily refer to the fact that the auditor’s opinion is not qualified in this respect.

Matters That Do Affect the Auditor’s Opinion

            An auditor may not be able to express an unqualified opinion when either of the following circumstances exist and, in the auditor’s judgment, the effect of the matter is or may be material to the financial statements:

•          there is a limitation in the scope of the auditor’s work; or

•          There is disagreement with management regarding the acceptability of the accounting policies selected, the method of their application or the adequacy of financial statement disclosures.

The circumstances described in (a) could lead to a qualified opinion or a disclaimer of opinion. The circumstances described in (b) could lead to a qualified opinion or an adverse opinion.

Qualified Opinion  - a qualified opinion should be expressed when the auditor concludes that an unqualified opinion cannot be expressed but that the effect of any disagreement with management , or limitation on scope is not so material and pervasive as to require an adverse opinion  or a disclaimer of opinion. A qualified opinion should be expressed as being “except for ‘’ the effects of the matter to which the qualifications relates.

Disclaimer of Opinion – a disclaimer opinion should be expressed when the possible effect of a limitation                                                                                                                                                                                     on  scope  is so material and pervasive that the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence and accordingly is unable to express an opinion on the financial statements.

Adverse Opinion – an adverse opinion should be expressed when the effect of a disagreement is so material and pervasive to the financial statements that the auditor

 
Sarbanes Oxley act 404(Assessment of Internal Control)

            This Act requires the auditor of a public company to attest to management’sreport on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.PCAOB Auditing standard 2 requires the audit of internal control to be integratedwith the audit of the financial statements.

SOX Section 404 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 404) mandates that all publicly-traded companies must establish internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and must document, test and maintain those controls and procedures to ensure their effectiveness. The purpose of SOX is to reduce the possibilities of corporate fraud by increasing the stringency of procedures and requirements for financial reporting.

Reports involving other parties

Assume Responsibility

•       If you accept responsibility for the other auditor’s work (and it is unqualified) the standard report may be issued without modification.

•       If the other auditors report is qualified and the qualification is material to the financial statements taken as a whole, you must qualify your report.

Shared Responsibility

•       The opinion is unaffected (i.e. can be unqualified).

Assume No Responsibility

•       A qualified opinion or disclaimer, depending on materiality, is required.

Qualified Opinion

•       Use the term “except for” in the opinion paragraph to exclude a specific item from the auditor’s opinion.

•       Qualified opinion is appropriate when there is a:

-Material scope limitation (qualified scope, additional paragraph, and qualified opinion)

-Material departure from GAAP (additional paragraph, qualified opinion)

Disclaimer

•       Auditor cannot express an opinion.

•       Disclaimer of opinion is appropriate when:

-There is a highly material scope limitation.

-There is a lack of independence

Relationship of materiality to audit opinion

Materiality

A misstatement in the financial statements can be considered material if knowledge of the misstatement would affect a decision of a reasonable user of the statements.

Levels of Materiality

•       Amounts are immaterial.

•       Amounts are material but do not overshadow the financial statements as a whole.

•       Amounts are so material or so pervasive that overall fairness of the statements is in question.

Relationship of Materiality to Type of Opinion

MATERIALITY DECISIONS

Materiality

Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements (IASB Framework).

Concept of Materiality

•       Auditor Considerations

–      Circumstances pertaining to the entity

–      Information needs of those relying on financial statements

·         Purposes for Preliminary Judgments

–      Scope decisions

–      Evaluation of known misstatements

Preliminary Judgments about Materiality

•       Planning Materiality

–      Circumstances change

–      Additional information identified

·         Judgments at Two Levels

–      Financial Statement Level

–      Account Balance Level

Materiality at the Financial Statement Level

•       Quantitative Guidelines

–      No official guidelines within auditing standards

–      5-10% of Net Income before Taxes

–      ½-1% of Total Assets

·         Qualitative Considerations

–      Quantitatively immaterial, qualitatively material

–      Illegal act by entity

Materiality – Quantitative Example

 Allocating Financial Statement Materiality to Accounts

•       When financial statement materiality is quantified

•       Must allocate to individual accounts

•       Balance Sheet and Income Statement accounts

•       Two Considerations

–      Material misstatement amount of account

–      Probable cost of verification

Materiality and Audit Evidence

•       Sufficiency of Evidence

–      Inverse relationship

–      Lower amount of tolerable misstatement needs more evidence to obtain reasonable assurance

·         Evaluation of Evidence

–      Reevaluate preliminary materiality

–      Quantitative and Qualitative considerations

Materiality is also linked closely to other accounting concepts and principles:

•       Relevance 

•       Reliability

•       Completeness